Volume 21, 2015, Number 3

This is sequel to our previous work , , on region algebra. An important contribution in is that the minimum platform required and being used so far by the world for practicing elementary algebra is unearthed and uniquely identified which is not group, ring, field, module, linear space, algebra over a field, associative algebra over a field, division algebra, or any existing algebraic system in general, but ‘Region Algebra’. The properties of region algebra are interesting as this is the minimal algebra which justifies free and fluent practice of elementary as well as higher algebra. This important identification was missing so far in any past literature of algebra or mathematics, and thus it is surely a unique algebra of absolute integrated nature. A new theory called by “Theory of Objects” and as a special case of it the classical “Theory of Numbers” were also studied in ,. In this paper we say that every complete region A has its own ‘Theory of Numbers’ called by ‘Theory of A-numbers’, where the classical ‘Theory of Numbers’ is the ‘Theory of RR-numbers’ corresponding to the particular complete region RR. For the sake of presentation and to avoid any confusion we consider three theories here but finally we arrive at a unified unique theory at the end. The three theories designated in this paper are: Theory-1 (Theory of Numbers) which is exactly the existing “Theory of Numbers” in the literature (on real numbers and complex numbers); Theory-2 (Theory of Objects) which is about combinatorics on Region Algebra, about prime objects and composite objects, about a new ‘Theory of Numbers’ corresponding to every complete region (viz. the ‘Theory of A-numbers’ is corresponding to the complete region A, etc.); and Theory-3 (Theory of RR-numbers) which is all about the “Theory of RR-numbers”, a particular case of the “Theory of A-numbers” of Theory-2 where the region A is the complete region RR. In fact Theory-1 happens to be a special case of Theory-3, but initiating of Theory-3 done by the author is not with the purpose of ‘Making a generalization of the Theory-1’. It may also be noted that the Theory-3 is a special case of “Theory of A-numbers” where “Theory of A-numbers” is derived from the “Theory of Objects” of Theory-2. The “Theory of Objects” also induces a new field called by “Object Geometry” of a complete region, being a generalization of our rich classical geometry of the existing notion. It is claimed that the “Theory of Objects” will play a huge role to the Number Theorists in a new direction.

We introduce a variant of Waring’s problem. For a given positive integer k, consider the problem of writing any given positive integer N as the sum of the kth powers of consecutive integers starting at 1 using each of these kth powers (summands) exactly once, and repeating some of these summands as necessary. Let Ck denote the total number of such repeats. Determine minimum Ck for positive integers k required to write all positive integers using the kth powers of consecutive integers as described. We show that Ck ≤ g(k), where g(k) is the usual notation in Waring’s problem, the least number of non-negative kth powers sufficient to represent all positive integers. This result implies that for any given positive integer k, every positive integer N can be expressed as a linear combination of the kth powers of consecutive integers with positive integer coefficients that satisfy certain inequalities. Another implication is that for all positive integers N; n′; and k, the equation N = Σ_{i = 1}^n′i^kx_i has at least one solution (x₁, x₂, …, x_n′) in nonnegative integers if Σ_{i = 1}^n′i^k ≥ N.

The aim of this note is to study a non-standard right cancellative and half-factorial Möbius monoid, and to compute its Möbius function

Two examples of possible relationships between elements of number theory and intuitionistic fuzzy set theory are given.

Prime number theorem asserts that (at large x) the prime counting function π(x) is approximately the logarithmic integral li(x). In the intermediate range, Riemann prime counting function   deviates from π(x) by the asymptotically vanishing sum Σ_ρRi(x^ρ) depending on the critical zeros ρ of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s). We find a fit π(x) ≈ Ri⁽³⁾{ψ(x)} (with three to four new exact digits compared to li(x)) by making use of the Von Mangoldt explicit formula for the Chebyshev function ψ(x). Another equivalent fit makes use of the Gram formula with the variable ψ(x). Doing so, we evaluate π(x) in the range x = 10ⁱ,   with the help of the first 2×10⁶ Riemann zeros ρ. A few remarks related to Riemann hypothesis (RH) are given in this context.

In a series of papers, Pascal’s like triangles with different forms have been described. Here, new types of triangles is discussed. In the formula for their generation, operation summation is replaced, respectively, by operations multiplication and exponentiation. Some of their properties are studied. The general case is discussed.

It is well known that balancing and Lucas-balancing numbers are expressed as determinants of suitable tridiagonal matrices. The aim of this paper is to express certain subsequences of balancing and Lucas-balancing numbers in terms of determinants of tridiagonal matrices. Using these tridiagonal matrices, a factorization of the balancing numbers is also derived

The structures of Pell and Lucas numbers, Pp and Lp with prime subscripts are compared in relation to the function (Kp ± 1) and for factors of the form (kp ± 1). It is found that digit sums give some guides to primality

In this paper, we establish some results about second order non homogeneous recurrence relation containing extended trignometric function. Earlier {4}, we proved some properties of recurrence relation
g_n+2 = g_n+1 + g_n + Atⁿ, n = 0, 1, … with g₀ = 0, g₁ = 1; where both A ≠ 0 and t ≠ 0, and also t ≠ α, β where α, β are the roots of x² − x − 1 = 0.
Using the properties of generalised circular functions and Elmore’s method, we define a new sequence {H_n} which is the extension of Pseudo Fibonacci Sequence, given by recurrence relation
H_n+2 = pH_n+1 − qH_n + RtⁿN_r,0(t^*x),
where N_r,0(t^*x) is extended circular function.
We state and prove some properties for this extended Pseudo Fibonacci Sequence {H_n} .

Let M(n) = (N₃(n)/48), where N₃(n) denotes the number of ways in which n can be written as sum of three squares. We study the congruence properties of some partition
functions in relation to M(16n + 14).

The range of the divisor function σ₋₁ is dense in the interval  . However, although the range of the function σ₋₂ is a subset of the interval  , we will see that the range of σ₋₂ is not dense in  . We begin by generalizing the divisor functions to a class of functions σ_t for all real t. We then define a constant η ≈ 1.8877909 and show that if r ∈ (1, ∞), then the range of the function σ_−r is dense in the interval   if and only if r ≤ η. We end with an open problem.